The OneDrive Personal Vault stores files more securely than OneDrive itself. I have been unable to access the Personal Vault on OneDrive from the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) Bash shells. When the vault is closed, I see a file named ‘Personal Vault.lnk’ in my WSL home directory; when the vault is unlocked I also see ‘Personal Vault’, which appears to be a symbolic link that does not function properly.

Updated 24.Feb.2021: I cannot access the Personal Vault directory from WSL shells, but I can launch Windows programs that access its contents using a shell script I named vault:
#!/bin/sh
"wslpath "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft OneDrive\OneDrive.exe"
" "/url:odopen://unlockVault/?accounttype=personal"
It takes some time to approve the authentication request on my phone, so I after running this, I use a fragment such as the following to wait some time while checking for an open vault. This depends on the ONEDRIVE environment variable to specify the path to the OneDrive directory,
#!/bin/sh
if [ "$ONEDRIVE" = "" ]; then
echo ONEDRIVE environment variable not defined.
else
if [ ls -l $ONEDRIVE 2>/dev/null | grep -v 'lnk' | grep -c 'Personal Vault'
-ne "1" ]; then
vault
fi
for n in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10; do
if ls -l $ONEDRIVE 2>/dev/null | grep -v 'lnk' | grep -q 'Personal Vault'; then
break;
else
echo "Waiting for Personal Vault access…"
sleep 5
fi
done
fi
# launch Windows programs that access $ONEDRIVE/Personal Vault
I got the odopen URL from the properties of the shortcut under the OneDrive directory on Windows that opens the Personal Vault. I got the /url command line prefix by using regedit to search for odopen.